Grass pea pdf

Polymorphism was common in ing of these two geographically distant regions may varying degrees for most characters indicating the be due to migration of seed with people from the existence of variation in the populations studied. Tigray region to Wollega region, but this needs further H9 values for flower colour in Gojam ranged from 0 study.

The highest mean Conservation of germplasm diversity index H9 pooled over traits, was shown by populations from Gondar H9 5 0. There is no significant grass pea is not uniform in all administrative regions variation for mean diversity index between regions. However, the result permits us to environmental heterogeneity of regions, irrelevance draw some broad generalization about collection and of administrative and regional boundaries in maintain- conservation of grass pea in Ethiopia.

To tackle ing diversity, and uncontrolled migration of seed genetic erosion, in situ conservation sites should be among regions. Priorities for Figure 3. Dendrogram using average linkage between groups based on regions from hierarchial clustering of six significant canonical functions.

The Diversity of Crop Plants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. The interpretation of Nie and with high rate of genetic erosion and environmental Shanon-Weaver within population variation indices.

Euphytica degradations. Further investigation using different — Geographi- polymorphism RFLPs will enable to have a com- cal patterns of phenotypic diversity in a world collection of durum wheat.

Crop Sci. Diversity and the genetic resource base. Ethiopian in Ethiopia, as the present study using morphological J. Negassa M. Patterns of phenotypic diversity in an Ethiopian barley collection and the Arsi-Bale highland as a center of origin of barley. Hereditas — Pielou E. The measurement of diversity in different types Acknowledgements of biological collections. Seifu T. The first author wishes to express his Thulin M.

Leguminosae of Ethiopia. Opera Bot. Vavilov N. The origin, variation, immunity and breeding of gratitude to the Amhara National Regional State for cultivated plants. Breeding grass for low toxicity 2. Entomophilic pollination in grass pea is due to pollinators especially bees and bumblebees.

The highest out crossing There is urgent need to deter- mine isolation distance and other effective ways of self- pollination. However, this distance appears to be less in view of high cross-pollination rate in grass pea.

In general, a minimum of — m isolation distance is recommended for maintaining seed purity in the often cross-pollinated crops ISTA, However, out crossing provides an effective means of recombination and thereby generating the genetic variation necessary to adapt to environmental changes.

Although the degree of out crossing in grass pea may vary from place to place and depends on the genotype used, the crop needs to be classifying as an often cross-pollinated species. The current breeding procedures of the self-pollinated crops being used in grass pea are probably inadequate to make the possible genetic breakthrough.

Recurrent irradiation and subsequent selection have led to a wide spectrum of mutants not only for mor- phological and phenological traits but also for the ODAP content Rybinski et al. Combined treatment with 50 kr gamma rays and 0. This provides an opportunity to restructure the present plant type of grass pea, which is dominated by traits such as prostrate and indeterminate growth habit, weak and tall stature, and lodging type Rybinski, Somaclonal variation With successful tissue culture techniques and regeneration protocol, somaclonal variation has emerged as a novel source of genetic variability for crop improvement.

It has been successfully exploited in grass pea to develop low ODAP varieties using leaf, root and internodes as explants Santha and Mehta, The isolated somaclones from in vitro regeneration of the variety Pusa 24 have shown a wide range of variation 0. Similar observations have been made with mutants Campbell et al. Transgenic development Regeneration of complete plants via tissue culture Zambre et al. Several studies have attempted to transform grass pea but without evidence for inheritance of transgene.

Biosynthesis pathway engineering by silencing any of the two enzymes by anti-sense RNA technology or co-suppression technology can lead to block ODAP synthesis. Protoplast fusion Ochatt et al. This has led to enhanced methionine levels in the transformed plants. However, a major problem with foreign protein is their allergenicity Nordlee et al.

As an alternative approach to using a heterologous protein, the expression of legume proteins such as b-Phaseolus from common bean, glycinin from soybean or vicilin from faba bean can be altered using in vitro mutagenesis to increase their methionine content in grass pea.

Another way of enhancing methionine levels in grass pea is through manipulating its biosynthesis by making the key enzyme aspartate kinase insensitive to feedback inhibition Karchi et al. Application of zinc sulphate generally results in higher grain yield and large seeds as well.

Spraying with cobalt nitrate 0. Application of zinc sulphate 20 kg ha—1 reduced b-ODAP by Early sowing August 29 as compared September 12 combined with application of zinc sulphate at 20 kg ha—1 reduced b-ODAP content by Therefore, early sowing of low b-ODAP varieties such as B and application of 15—20 kg ha—1 zinc sulphate will be useful in reducing ODAP con- tent to the safe level.

For example, soaking of grass pea seeds in water can lower the ODAP content but not sufficiently enough for safe consumption. Mohan et al. Geda et al. The ODAP reduction has been positively related with processing time. Cooking of grass pea grains for 1 h at pH 8. Chemical compounds like lime water, sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, ascorbic acid, etc. Global attention is needed to embark on its genetic improvement using conventional and bio- technological interventions to make this survival food safe for human consumption.

Several studies have revealed that ODAP can be brought down without affecting yield and its stability. Moreover, yield and its stability can be further improved in grass pea, taking advantage of its cross-pollination. In marginal crops, increasing the level of heterozygosis is seen as a mechanism for better adaptation to adverse agro-climatic conditions.

The high level of out crossing offers scope to prompt for hybrid breeding and population improvement in grass pea. This requires a search for both plant and pollinator traits that contribute more to out-crossing. Re- cent advances in molecular biology, marker assisted selection and genome synteny, have shown enormous potential to make a significant breakthrough in grass pea breeding program.

The potential of grass pea as a novel source of tolerance genes to biotic and abiotic stresses remains to be exploited. Before reliable low-ODAP or zero-ODAP grass pea varieties can be marketed as completely safe, it is crucial to prove that no risk of neurolathyrism remains when these varieties are used as food or feed.

Because there still is no animal model that mirrors the symptoms of human neurolathyrism induced by consumption of grass pea, achieving this may be difficult. It would help the case for zero-ODAP grass peas if it could be shown that the acute neurotoxic effects that are observed in some animals after consumption of a diet heavily dependent on grass pea do not occur if zero-ODAP grass peas are used.

If the problem of neurotoxicity can be resolved, the focus of the nutritional improvement of grass pea should shift to other characteristics, in particular anti- nutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitors and polyphenols and the seed protein amino acid profile, which is low in tryptophan, methionine and cysteine.

Reference Abd-El-Moneim, A. Improving the nutritional quality and yield potential of grass pea Lathyrus sativus L. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 21, — Akter, L.

Characterization of three varieties of Lathyrus sativus L. Cytologia 80, Aletor, V. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 65, Ali, M. Major technological advances in pulses: Indian scenario.

In: Ali, M. Asmussen, C. American Journal of Botany 85, Ballhorn, D. Analyzing plant defenses in nature. Belaid, Y. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 53, Bell, E. Non-protein amino acids of Lathyrus latifolius as feeding deterrents and phagostimulants in Spodoptera littoralis.

Phytochemistry 43, Ben Brahim, N. Autogamy and allogamy in genus Lathyrus. Lathyrus Lathyrism Newsletter 2, 21— Bisignano, V. Variation for protein content and seed weight in grass pea Lathyrus spp. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, Campbell, C. Registration of low neurotoxin content Lathyrus germplasm LS Crop Science 27, Chapman, M. Transcriptome sequencing and marker development for four underutilized legumes. Applications in Plant Sciences 3, Dufour, D.

Assessing diet in populations at risk for konzo and neurolathyrism. Food and Chemical Toxicology 49, Eslavath, R. Studies with diets balanced for amino acids and based on low ODAP lines of grass pea seeds have been more positive.

Dehulling did not improve performance Rotter et al. Rabbits consumed green young grass pea plants in large amounts without ill effects Amin et al. Grass pea seems to be a potential source of protein for rabbits.

It can also be a source of fibre if the forage is not too young. Feeding rabbits with grass pea did not produce lathyrism symptoms Enneking, This experiment confirmed earlier observations which reported rabbits to be particularly insusceptible to Lathyrus extracts hypodermically administrated Stockman, Accordingly, grass pea seeds could be a source of protein and energy for rabbits; but it must be emphasised that no direct experiment on the optimum or maximum level of incorporation seems available in the international literature January Horses are noted as being very susceptible to lathyrism with symptoms of paralysis of the hind limbs and, in some cases death, following heavy grazing or feeding on grass pea seeds Hanbury et al.

It is possible that ODAP activity was either inactivated or destroyed during extrusion or soaking while the feed was in water. Extrusion decreased significantly the content of tannins, trypsin inhibitors and ODAP Ramachandran et al. Avg: average or predicted value; SD: standard deviation; Min: minimum value; Max: maximum value; Nb: number of values samples used.

Adsule et al. Alibes et al. Grass pea Lathyrus sativus. Search form. Sponsored by. Automatic translation. Feed categories. Scientific names. Plant and animal families Plant and animal species. Datasheet Description Click on the "Nutritional aspects" tab for recommendations for ruminants, pigs, poultry, rabbits, horses, fish and crustaceans.

Common names. Legume forages Legume seeds and by-products Forage plants. Related feed s. Forage management. Environmental impact. Soil improver and green manure Grass pea is an N-fixing legume that is often used to provide N to the main economic crop Campbell, Sustainable, low-input systems A drought-resistant legume, grass pea is recommended in arid and semi-arid regions.

Nutritional attributes. Potential constraints. Lathyrism Many Lathyrus species are implicated in a paralysis of humans and animals known as lathyrism, which has different causes and symptoms depending on the Lathyrus species involved Hanbury et al.

Others antinutritional factors Grass pea contains trypsin and chimotrypsin inhibitors, amylase inhibitors, lectins, tannins, phytates and oligosaccharides. Grass pea forage Fresh grass pea and grass pea hay have been tested with positive results as protein supplements for ruminant fed diets based on low quality roughages. Dairy cattle In India, grass pea hay supplementing a rice straw-based diet increased the milk yield without modifying milk composition Akbar et al.

Grass pea hulls In Ethiopia, it was suggested that grass pea hulls could be used as a protein supplement for sheep fed low nutritive value forage as they increased both NH 3 and volatile fatty acids in the rumen Mekasha et al. The use of grass pea seeds for laying hens has not been investigated October Forage Rabbits consumed green young grass pea plants in large amounts without ill effects Amin et al. Seeds Feeding rabbits with grass pea did not produce lathyrism symptoms Enneking, Horses and donkeys.

Tables of chemical composition and nutritional value. Grass pea Lathyrus sativus , seeds Grass pea Lathyrus sativus , aerial part, fresh Grass pea Lathyrus sativus , hay. Grass pea Lathyrus sativus , seeds. References Adsule et al. Grass pea Lathyrus sativus , aerial part, fresh. References Alibes et al. Grass pea Lathyrus sativus , hay. Adsule, R. Lathyrus bean. In: Salunkhe, D. Integration of fodder legumes into rice-based cropping systems in Bangladesh: production of Lathyrus sativus and its use as a supplement to straw-based rations of dairy cows.

Evaluation of the seeds of selected lines of three Lathyrus spp. Food Agric. Effect of initial moisture content and different storage container on the quality of grass pea Lathyrus sativa seed. Crop Prod. Effect of feeding different levels of khesari Lathyrus sativus and vetch Vicia sativa proteins on the performance of starter chicks.

Indian J. Responses of Labeo rohita to dietary Lathyrus sativus seeds. Effects of chickling vetch Lathyrus sativus L. Advances 8 12 : Budag, C. Effect of different protein sources on microbial protein synthesis in sheep feed maize based diets. Advances, 9 3 : Campbell, C.

Grass pea: Lathyrus sativus L. Evaluation of lathyrus Lathyrus sativus L. Physico-chemical properties and nutrient composition of beach pea Lathyrus maritimus L. Food Chem. Fatty acid composition of grass pea Lathyrus sativus L. Lathyrus Lathyrism Newsletter, 4: Choudhury, K. Fatty acids in different pulses produced and consumed in Bangladesh.

Rural Dev. Genotype variation in BOAA, condensed tannins, phenolics and enzyme inhibitors of grass pea Lathyrus sativus. Plant Sci. Wastes, 8 1 : Ecocrop, Ecocrop database. Triticale and mixtures silages for feeding dairy cows. In: Grassland Science in Europe, Volume 13, Biodiversity and animal feed: future challenges for grassland production. The nutritive value of grasspea Lathyrus sativus and allied species, their toxicity to animals and the role of malnutrition in neurolathyrism. Toxicology, 49 3 : Farhangi, M.

The nutritional value of Lathyrus cicera grain for sheep. Animal Production Thesis. University of Adelaide Fikre, A. Lambein, F. Hopf M Archaeological evidence of the spread and use of some members of the Leguminosae family. In: Barigozzi C ed The Origin and domestication of cultivated plants: symposium.

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Nerkar YS Mutation studies in Lathyrus sativus. Ochatt SJ, Conreux C, Jacas L Flow cytometry distinction between species and between landraces within Lathyrus species and assessment of true-to-typeness of in vitro regenerants.